• Constructed in 1866, Yerawada Central Prison is the largest jail in Maharashtra and one of the largest maximum security prisons in the country.
  
• In Maharashtra, there are 16 functioning prisons that were built in the 19th century, the oldest being Byculla District Prison in Mumbai which started in 1840.
  

Important Info :

Historical significance

• Many leaders of the Indian independence movement were incarcerated in this prison.
• Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned at Yerawada jail three times — from March 1922 to February 1924, from January 1932 to May 1933, and for three days in August 1933.
• The cell where Mahatma Gandhi was lodged is called the Gandhi Yard, which is also the place where the historic Poona Pact between Gandhi and Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar was signed.

Source : Indian Express

There are dozens of ways to pick stocks, but few have been as unconventional — or as successful — as the coordinated short-squeeze being deployed by Reddit’s army of day traders. Now, Wall Street is scanning the matter

• Short squeeze is a term used by market participants to refer to a phenomenon where short sellers in a stock who have placed their bets on a stock’s fall, rush to hedge their positions or buy the stock in the event of an adverse price movement, in order to cover their losses.
  
• This leads to a sharp rise in demand for the share, and huge rally in share prices.
  
• In order to cover his loss, the trader who was initially short on the stock, starts buying the stock, which leads to a sharp rise in the share price of the stock.
  
• This phenomenon, where the short seller is buying the stock to cover her loss, is referred to as short squeeze in market parlance.
  
• It leads to a dramatic rise in share price, far beyond its fundamentals.
  

Source : Indian Express

A former Israeli fighter pilot, an American technology entrepreneur and a Canadian investor will be part of the crew of the first entirely-private orbital space mission

• The three men are paying $55 million each to fly aboard a SpaceX rocket for an eight-day visit to the International Space Station, organised by Houston-based spaceflight firm Axiom.
  
• The Axiom Mission 1 (AX 1) flight is being arranged under a commercial agreement with NASA.
  
• The mission will be led by former NASA astronaut Michael Lopez-Alegria, who now works for Axiom space.
  
• While private citizens have travelled to space before, the AX 1 mission will be the first to use a commercially built spacecraft, the SpaceX Dragon 2, best known for flying its first two crews to the ISS late last year.
  

Important Info :

Is this the first time civilians have been launched into space?

• No, private civilians have travelled to the space station before.
• Since 2001, Russia has been selling rides to the ISS to wealthy businessmen around the world. They travelled onboard the Russian Soyuz aircraft along with professional cosmonauts and NASA astronauts.

Source : Indian express

Twenty five years before the Jallianwallah Bagh massacre, more than a hundred peasants fell to the bullets of the British on January 28, 1894 in Patharughat, a small village in Assam’s Darrang district

• The unarmed peasants were protesting against the increase in land revenue levied by the colonial administration, when the military opened fire.
  
• On January 28, 1894, many local peasants gathered in a protest meeting at Patharughat (also known as Patharighat), condemning the increasing land tax levied by the British.
  
• As a result, a rebellion brewed in the hearts of the peasants against the British.
  
• After much discussion amongst themselves, it was decided that no taxes would be paid to the British, until a proper solution was found to the problem. They were even willing to revolt against the British for the cause.
  
• While the protest meeting was going on, Deputy Commissioner of Darrang district, JD Anderson, Mr Barrington, SP and Mr Remington, SDO, arrived at the venue along with full police force.
  
• On the orders of Barrington, the police opened fire on the gathering present there. hundreds of people were injured and around 140 of them were killed on spot.
  
• Every year on January 28, the government and local people pay respects to the martyrs of the incident (Krishak Swahid Diwas).
  

Source : Indian Express

Union Minister of Youth Affairs & Sports launched a breakthrough Reference Material for use in chemical testing in the field of anti-doping synthesized by collaborative efforts of National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) and National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati

• This Reference Material (RM), has been identified by NDTL as one of the rarely available RMs globally and would be used to strengthen anti-doping measures in all World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited laboratories.
  
• The MoU between NDTL and NIPER Guwahati was signed in August 2020 which proposes to synthesize 20 rarely available Reference Materials (RMs) during a period of 3 years.
  
• The availability of these RMs would help the anti-doping laboratories to strengthen their testing capacity. This will help in the greater cause of promoting fair play in sports.
  

Important Info :

• National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) is an autonomous body under Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. It is based in Delhi.
• It is the only laboratory in the country responsible for human sports dope testing.

Source : The Hindu

Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare addressed the event on Restoring Cross Border Mobility by World Economic Forum’s Common Trust Network through Video Conference

• Background: As countries around the world work to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic and restart their economies, they all face the challenge of how to reopen their borders and allow travel and commerce to resume while protecting their populations’ health.
  
• To address this challenge, The Commons Project Foundation and the World Economic Forum have launched the Common Trust Network in collaboration with a broad voluntary network of public and private stakeholders.
  
• The Common Trust Network is designed to
  • empower individuals with digital access to their health information,
    
  • make it easier for individuals to understand and comply with each destination’s requirements, and
    
  • help ensure that only verifiable lab results and vaccination records from trusted sources are presented for the purposes of cross-border travel and commerce.
    
  
  
• The Common Trust Registry: The Common Trust Network is enabled by a global registry of trusted laboratory and vaccination data sources, standard formats for lab results and vaccination records, and standard tools to make those results and records digitally accessible.
  

Source : PIB

January 30, 2021 will mark the second annual World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day, highlighting the global community’s commitment to ending Neglected Tropical Diseases

• On World NTD Day, on 30th January 2021, more than 50 landmarks representing 25 nations across the world will be lit up to celebrate how far we have come together in beating NTDs. India too will proudly join these countries, by illuminating UNESCO world heritage site Qutub Minar.
  
• Background: Originally announced by the Crown Prince Court of Abu Dhabi at the 2019 Reaching the Last Mile Forum, hundreds of partners signed up to mark World NTD Day and demand action to Face NTDs and End The Neglect.
  

Important Info :

• Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections which are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
• They are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms (helminths).
• They include dengue, rabies, blinding trachoma, Buruli ulcer, endemic treponematoses (yaws), leprosy (Hansen disease) etc.
• These diseases are contrasted with the big three infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), which generally receive greater treatment and research funding.
• 1 in 5 people around the world are affected by NTDs. India is home to the world’s largest absolute burden of at least 11 of these major neglected tropical diseases.

Source : Outlook

Union Minister for Environment and French Minister for Ecological Transition launched the Indo-French Year of the Environment

• The basic objective is to strengthen Indo-French cooperation in sustainable development, increase the effectiveness of actions in favour of global environment protection and give them greater visibility.
  
• The Indo-French Year of the Environment over the period 2021-2022 would be based on five main themes: environmental protection, climate change, biodiversity conservation, sustainable urban development, and the development of renewable energies and energy efficiency.
  
• It is also a platform for engaging in discussions on critical areas of collaboration relating to environment and allied areas.
  
• From the Indian side, it will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) along with the Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and other concerned Ministries/Departments/Organisations.
  
• A joint screening committee will also be set up to finalise the calendar of the events for the Indo-French Year of the Environment.
  

Important Info :

• India-France alliance is the main pillar of the International Solar Alliance launched by PM Narendra Modi.

Source : PIB

The Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has released ‘Marine Mega Fauna Stranding Guidelines’ and ‘National Marine Turtle Action Plan’

• The documents contains ways and means to guide improved coordination amongst the government, civil society and all relevant stakeholders on the response to cases of stranding, entanglement, injury or mortality of marine mammals and also conservation of marine turtles.
  
• These two documents highlight
  • actions to be taken for handling stranded animals on shore, stranded or entangled animals in the sea or on a boat,
    
  • management actions for improved coordination,
    
  • reducing threats to marine species and their habitats,
    
  • rehabilitation of degraded habitats,
    
  • enhancing people’s participation,
    
  • advance scientific research and exchange of information on marine mammals and marine turtles and their habitats.
    
  
  

Source : DD News

Union Education Minister addressed the Valedictory Function of Kala Utsav 2020

• Background: Kala Utsav National Competition was launched in 2015.
  
• Objective: To promote arts in education by nurturing and show casing the artistic talents of school students. Children with special needs too will have the opportunity to display their talents.
  
• Agencies involved: Kala Utsav is an initiative of the Department of School Education and Literacy of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD).
  
• Kala Utsav 2020 was launched online on 10 January 2021 through a digital platform. The Indigenous Toys and Games segment was introduced in Kala Utsav 2020.
  

Source : PIB

Asaddudin Owaisi, president of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehad-ul-Muslimeen (AIMIM), and CPI leader Binoy Viswam have filed dissent notes to the parliamentary standing committee’s report on the DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019 on the grounds that it does not take into account their concerns over privacy violations

• The Bill proposes DNA sampling and profiling of citizens accused of crime or reported missing, and storing their unique genetic information for administrative purposes.
  
• The objective of the Bill is limited to the establishment of a regulatory board to regulate the use of DNA technology in consonance with international standards.
  

Important Info :

Arguments against

• They say if enacted, the Bill will target Dalits, Muslims and Adivasis by way of DNA sample collection and indefinite storage.
• The fear is that the law could be used for caste or community-based profiling.
• The Bill ran afoul with the standards set in the Puttaswamy and Subramanian Swamy judgments of the Supreme Court.
• In the absence of a statutory framework protecting the right to privacy, this Bill will cause irreversible damage to individuals’ right to privacy as well as the criminal justice system.

Source : The Hindu

The Supreme Court appointed conservationist Nandita Hazarika as Member of a Technical Committee constituted by it on October 14 last year to hear complaints by land owners against the action taken by the Nilgris Collector, which included “arbitrary variance in acreage of the elephant corridor.”

• On October 14, the top court upheld the Tamil Nadu government’s authority to notify an ‘elephant corridor’ and protect the migratory path of the animals through the Nilgiri biosphere reserve, the largest protected forest area in India, spanning across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
  
• The corridor is situated in the ecologically fragile Sigur plateau.
  

Important Info :

• Sigur Plateau is a plateau in the north and east of Nilgiri District in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu.
• It connects the Western and the Eastern Ghats and sustains elephant populations and their genetic diversity.
• It has the Nilgiri Hills on its southwestern side and the Moyar River Valley on its north-eastern side. The elephants cross the plateau in search of food and water.

Source : The Hindu

Maharashtra Chief Minister said the disputed border area between Maharashtra and Karnataka should be made an Union Territory until the matter is heard by the Supreme Court. This sparked off a strong reaction in Karnataka

• Maharashtra has been claiming that Belagavi, Karwar and Nipani should be the part of that State as they are Marathi-speaking areas.
  
• The erstwhile Bombay Presidency, a multilingual province, included the present-day Karnataka districts of Bijapur, Belgaum, Dharwar and Uttara-Kannada (previously North Kanara).
  
• The Belagavi/Belgaum region at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka comprises both Kannada and Marathi speakers.
  
• In 1948, the Belgaum municipality requested that the district, having a predominantly Marathi-speaking population, be incorporated into the proposed Maharashtra state.
  
• However, the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, which divided states on linguistic and administrative lines, made Belgaum a part of the then Mysore State (which was renamed Karnataka in 1973).
  
• The area has been under dispute since then. The Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti, formed in 1948, has been fighting for a merger of 800-odd villages in Karnataka with Maharashtra.
  
• In 2014, the Karnataka government renamed Belgaum as Belagavi.
  

Source : The Hindu

A formal MoU signing ceremony was held between Textiles Committee, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India and M/s. Nissenken Quality Evaluation Centre Japan

• The objective of the MoU is to provide required support to textile’s trade and industry for ensuring quality as per the requirement of Japanese buyers  through Testing, Inspection & Conformity Assessment.
  
• It is expected that the MoU will strengthen the bilateral trade by enhancing India’s export of Textile and Apparels (T&A) to Japan, which is the third largest export destination of the world.
  

Important Info :

About Textiles Committee:

• The Textiles Committee was established in the year 1963 by an Act of Parliament.
• It is a statutory body under the Ministry of Textiles to ensure quality of all textiles and textile products for domestic and export markets.
• The Textiles Committee is the only body providing for all the quality related needs of the entire Textiles Value Chain (TVC) in an integrated format on a pan-India basis.

Source : PIB

The Framework for Strategic Partnership between the International Energy Agency (IEA) members and the Government of India was signed

• It aims to strengthen mutual trust and cooperation & enhance global energy security, stability and sustainability. This partnership will lead to an extensive exchange of knowledge and would be a stepping stone towards India becoming a full member of the IEA.
  
• The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation.
  
• It was established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.
  
• The IEA is made up of 30 member countries.
  
• In addition, the IEA family also includes eight association countries which includes Brazil, China and India.
  
• Three countries are seeking accession to full membership, Chile, Israel and Lithuania.
  

Source : PIB

Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare addressed the 4th edition of the Future Investment Initiative Forum, through Video Conference

• The Future Investment Initiative (FII) is an annual investment forum held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to discuss trends in the world economy and investment environment.
  
• It is hosted by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF).
  
• The first event was in October 2017.
  
• The purpose of this year’s forum was to find solutions on how business and government can expand access to healthcare, train healthcare workers, remove regulatory barriers and encourage investment in advanced health technologies.
  

Source : PIB

The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) observed the International Customs Day, 2021

• The theme for this year as given by World Customs Organisation (WCO) is “Customs bolstering Recovery, Renewal and Resilience for a sustainable supply chain”.
  
• January 26 is celebrated as the International Customs Day (ICD). It is the day designated to honour the custom officials and agencies for their function in taking care of the flow of goods across the world borders.
  

Important Info :

Background: World Customs Organization (WCO)

• It was on January 26, 1953 that the Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) had held its inaugural session in Brussels which was attended by representatives from 17 European countries.
• International Customs Day was created by CCC in 1983. In 1994, CCC was renamed as World Customs Organization (WCO).
• WCO is the only international body looking after international customs and matters concerning border control.
• WCO has head-quarter in Brussels, Belgium.
• WCO currently has custom organizations from 182 countries as its members.
• More than 98% of world trade is administered by WCO.

Source : PIB

National Informatics Centre services Incorporated (NICSI) will celebrate 25 years of its establishment here on 28 January 2021

• National Informatics Centre services Incorporated (NICSI) is a Public Sector Enterprise under National Informatics Centre(NIC), Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India.
  
• NICSI started its journey in the ICT service industry on 29th August 1995.
  
• Providing end-to-end IT solutions for e-governance projects for Central and State Governments and other PSUs across India, NICSI extends its services to the International level too in certain projects.
  

Important Info :

On the occasion, The Union Minister for Electronics and Information Technology will launch:

• Tejas – a Virtual Intelligence tool (NIC&NICSI-CEDA) that extracts critical information from data to make its meaningful information for policy decisions and improving efficiency in government services and citizen delivery;
• e-Auction India – to cater to electronic forward and reverse auction requirements of the Govt. organisations serving online 24×7;
• Work from Anywhere Portal – a virtual environment, provisioned shall empower employees access routine applications like eoffice, calendar, mail, and other departmental applications and communicate across through Video Conferencing;
• NIC Products Portfolio for International Offering to augment Digital India branding through promotion of productized software applications at global level.

Source : PIB

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has given its approval for the Minimum Support Price (MSP) of copra for 2021 season

• Copra is the dried meat or kernel of the coconut, which is the fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Coconut oil is extracted from copra, making it an important agricultural commodity for many coconut-producing countries.
  
• The MSP for Fair Average Quality (FAQ) of milling copra has been increased, by Rs.375/-, to Rs. 10335/- per quintal for 2021 season from Rs. 9960/- per quintal in 2020.
  
• The approval is based on recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
  
• The increase in MSP for copra for 2021 season is in line with the principle of fixing the MSP at a level of at least 1.5 times the all India weighted average cost of production which was announced by the Government in the Budget 2018-19.
  
• The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited (NAFED) and National Cooperative Consumer Federation of India Limited (NCCF) will continue to act as Central Nodal Agencies to undertake price support operations at the MSP in the coconut growing States.
  

Source : PIB

Prime Minister Modi will address the World Economic Forum’s Davos Dialogue on 28th January, 2021 via video conferencing

• The Davos Dialogues agenda marks the launch of the World Economic Forum’s Great Reset Initiative in the post COVID world.
  
• The World Economic Forum (WEF), based in Cologny-Geneva, Switzerland, is an NGO, founded in 1971. The WEF hosts an annual meeting at the end of January in Davos, a mountain resort in Graubünden, in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland.
  

Source : PIB

Bharat Parv 2021, a festival to celebrate the spirit of India has begun. The festival is being organised on a virtual platform www.bharatparv2021.com this year from 26th of January till 31st of January

• Background: Bharat Parv is being celebrated as part of Republic Day celebrations since 2016.
  
• Objective: To generate a patriotic fervour, promote the rich cultural diversity of the country and to popularize the idea of Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat.
  
• Organized by: The Ministry of Tourism in collaboration with other central Ministries.
  
• Duration: 26th to 31st January 2021 (The 5-day event is a part of Republic Day Celebrations).
  

Source : All India Radio

The Dhannipur mosque project was formally launched on Republic Day at the five-acre plot in Dhannipur village of Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh

• The plot was allotted by the Uttar Pradesh government on the directions of the Supreme Court in the Babri Masjid Ram Janmabhoomi title suit.
  
• The Indo-Islamic Cultural Foundation (IICF) is overseeing the construction of the mosque.
  
• The project would take around 30 months to be completed.
  
• The project comprises three parts: a mosque based on a modern design; a multi-speciality 200-bed hospital and community kitchen; and an Indo-Islamic Cultural Research Centre.
  

Source : The Hindu

A statue of freedom fighter Govind Ballabh Pant that was removed from the Parliament premises recently would be unveiled at its new location, a roundabout opposite Gurdwara Rakab Ganj on Pandit Pant Marg in Delhi

• Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant (1887 – 1961) was a lawyer, an Indian freedom fighter and one of the architects of modern India.
  
• In 1921, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.
  
• He was an untiring participant in both the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
  
• He was also a member of the Central Legislative Assembly and the Constituent Assembly.
  
• He served as the 2nd Chief Minister of United Provinces from 1937 to 1939.
  
• After independence, he served as the 1st Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 1950 to 1954.
  
• He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–1961.
  
• As Home Minister, his chief achievement was the re-organisation of States along linguistic lines.
  
• He was also responsible for the establishment of Hindi as an official language of the central government and a few states.
  
• To honour his exemplary services to the nation, he received Bharat Ratna, in 1957.
  

Source : The Hindu

Data privacy can take the form of non-price competition and abuse of dominance can lower privacy protection, a study by the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has said

• CCI noted that an aspect of data in the context of competition in digital communications market is the conflict between allowing access and protecting consumer privacy.
  
• Privacy can take the form of non-price competition. Abuse of dominance can take the form of lowering the privacy protection and therefore fall within the ambit of antitrust as low privacy standard implies lack of consumer welfare.
  
• The study also made observations about other non-price factors such as quality of service (QoS), data speeds and bundled offerings, which are likely to be the new drivers of competitive rivalry between service providers in telecom sector in addition to just price.
  

Important Info :

• Competition Commission of India is a statutory body of the Government of India responsible for enforcing The Competition Act, 2002.
• It was established in 2003 and became fully functional in 2009 with Dhanendra Kumar as its first Chairman.

Source : The Hindu

India’s Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador T.S. Tirumurti, said that It has been nearly 13 years since the Intergovernmental Negotiations (IGN) started. The UN Security Council is finding itself unable to act effectively to address issues of international peace and security as it lacked inclusivity

• The Intergovernmental Negotiations framework (IGN) is a group of nation-states working within the United Nations to further reform of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 15-member top organ of the world body.
  
• Composition: The IGN is composed of several different international organizations, namely:
  • The African Union;
    
  • The G4 nations (India, along with Brazil, Japan and Germany are pressing for a permanent seat in the reformed UNSC);
    
  • The Uniting for Consensus Group (UfC), also known as the “Coffee Club”;
    
  • The L.69 Group of Developing Countries;
    
  • The Arab League; and
    
  • The Caribbean Community (CARICOM).
    
  
  
• Each group represents a different set of positions vis-a-vis reforming the United Nations Security Council.
  
• In 2016, an “oral decision” was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly which approved of a declaration known as the “elements of convergence” which outlined the status of the consensus reached by the members of the IGN at that time.
  

Source : The Hindu

U.S. President Joe Biden’s administration announced it was restoring relations with the Palestinians and renewing aid to Palestinian refugees

• It is a reversal of the Donald Trump administration’s cutoff and a key element of its new support for a two-state solution to the decades-old conflict agreed to by Israelis and Palestinians.
  
• Palestine is recognized officially as the State of Palestine by the United Nations and other entities.
  
• It is a de jure sovereign state in Western Asia claiming the West Bank (bordering Israel and Jordan) and Gaza Strip (bordering Israel and Egypt) with Jerusalem as the designated capital, although its administrative center is currently located in Ramallah.
  
• The entirety of territory claimed by the State of Palestine has been occupied since 1948, first by Egypt and Jordan and then by Israel after the Six-Day War in 1967.
  

Source : The Hindu

President of India has approved awards of 455 Gallantry and other Defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel and others. Colonel B Santosh Babu, the Commanding Officer of 16 Bihar Regiment, who lost his life during the Galwan Valley clash last year, will be posthumously awarded with Maha Vir Chakra

• Announcement: These gallantry awards are announced twice in a year – first on the occasion of the Republic Day and then on the occasion of the Independence Day.
  
• Order of precedence of these awards is the Param Vir Chakra, the Ashoka Chakra, the Mahavir Chakra, the Kirti Chakra, the Vir Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra.
  

Important Info :

Background:

• Three gallantry awards namely Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra and Vir Chakra were instituted by the Government of India on 26th January, 1950.
• Thereafter, other three gallantry awards i.e. the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II and the Ashoka Chakra Class-III were instituted in 1952. These awards were renamed as Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra respectively in 1967.

Source : All India Radio

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The post Week 05 – 2020 UPSC Current Affairs Vignan IAS Academy appeared first on Vignan IAS Academy.

• Exchange of experience/visits in term of scientists, research scholars and specialists, etc. for the purpose of research, training, consultation, focused on climatic information services, satellite data utilization for now casting and tropical cyclones forecasting.
  
• Cooperation to support the Tsunami Early Warning Centre (TEWC) in the form of forecast modelling software, specifically designed to support the Tsunami forecasting operations.
  
• Cooperate at the field of Seismology which includes the study of Seismic activities having the potential to generate Tsunami waves in Arabian Sea and Oman Sea.
  
• Cooperation in Early warnings of Sand and Dust storms through the exchange of knowledge.
  

Source : Hindustan Times

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) in association with Andhra Pradesh Drought Mitigation Project (APDMP), an externally aided project funded by IFAD, organized a Virtual Buyer Seller Meet with Millet Exporters

• Millet is a common term to categorize small-seeded grasses that are often termed nutri-cereals, and includes Sorghum, Pearl Millet, Ragi, Small Millet, Foxtail Millet, Proso Millet, Barnyard Millet, Kodo Millet and other millets.
  
• Millets are the cereal crops generally small-seeded and known for high nutritive value.
  
• Considering the potential of increasing exports of Millets and Millet products and the focus given by Government for development of Millet sector of Nurti Cereals, APEDA is closely interacting with Indian Institute of Millet Research (IIMR) and other stakeholders.
  

Important Info :

Indian Institute of Millets Research (ICAR-IIMR)?

• It is an agricultural research institute engaged in basic and strategic research on sorghum and other millets. It is located at Rajendranagar (Hyderabad, Telangana).
• IIMR operates under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
• It was founded in 1958 under the Project on Intensified Research on Cotton, Oilseeds and Millets (PIRCOM).

Source : PIB

National Informatics Centre (NIC), MeitY along with Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Ministry of Education is jointly launching CollabCAD Software

• CBSE under the leadership of Chairman, Shri Manoj Ahuja, IAS will introduce CollabCAD Software for Engineering Graphics (Subject Code 046) at the Senior School Level for Class XI and XII.
  
• CollabCAD software will be used for Practical assignments as part of the subject curriculum for making different types of 3D designs and 2D Drawings.
  
• Students from around 140 plus schools across the country and the schools in the Middle East (affiliated with CBSE, New Delhi) will have access to this software which can be used for practical projects and understanding concepts of Engineering Graphics.
  

Source : PIB

National Jal Jeevan Mission (NJJM), Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti in partnership with Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology launched an ICT Grand Challenge, for development of a ‘Smart water supply measurement and monitoring system’ on 15th September, 2020

• Jal Jeevan Mission would be the user agency of the Grand Challenge and C-DAC, Bangalore is the implementing agency, providing technical support for the challenge.
  
• Total 218 applications were received, from various sectors like LLP Companies, Indian Tech start-ups, Individuals etc.
  
• Results of ICT Grand Challenge were announced on 20th November 2020, based on the recommendations of the jury.
  
• 10 applicants have been selected for ideation to prototype stage and each are being supported with Rs. 7.50 Lakhs.
  
• Currenty the prototypes are being developed which are going to be evaluated during the last week of January, 2021 by the jury. A water test bed is set up in C-DAC Bangalore Electronics City Campus for these evaluations.
  

Important Info :

• Jal Jeevan Mission is a flagship programme of Union Government which aims to provide tap water connection to every rural household by 2024.
• Announced by Prime Minister on 15th August, 2019, the Mission so far has provided 3.13 crore household tap connections in rural areas.

Source : DD News

Securities and Exchange Board of India’s (SEBI’s) decision on the “risk-o-meter”, which it announced on October 5, 2020, came into effect on January 1

• In its circular issued on October 5, the regulator made it mandatory for mutual fund houses to characterise the risk level of their schemes on a six-stage scale from “Low” to “Very High”.
  
• All mutual funds shall, beginning January 1, assign a risk level to their schemes at the time of launch, based on the scheme’s characteristics.
  
• The risk-o-meter must be evaluated on a monthly basis.
  
• Fund houses are required to disclose the risk-o-meter risk level along with the portfolio disclosure for all their schemes on their own websites as well as the website of the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) within 10 days of the close of each month.
  
• Any change in the risk-o-meter reading with regard to a scheme shall be communicated to the unit-holders of that scheme.
  
• The move will help investors to make a more informed investment decision.
  

Source : Indian Express

Mealworms may soon find their way into Europe’s pasta bowls and dinner dishes, after becoming the first insect approved in the region as a human food

• Mealworms are the larval form of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, a species of darkling beetle. Despite their name, mealworms are beetle larvae rather than worms.
  
• Like all holometabolic insects, they go through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
  
• Larvae typically measure about 2.5 cm or more, whereas adults are generally between 1.25 and 1.8 cm in length.
  

Important Info :

Recent Decision:

• The decision by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) paves the way for the yellow grubs to be used whole and dried in curries and other recipes and as a flour to make biscuits, pasta and bread.
• Rich in protein, fat and fibre, they are likely to be the first of many insects to feature on European’s plates in the coming years.

Source : Indian Express

The Vice President of India greeted fellow citizens on the eve of the festivals of Lohri, Makar Sankranti, Pongal, Bhogali Bihu, Uttarayan and Paush Parbon. These festivals are celebrated in diverse yet similar ways, across India

• Makar Sankranti is a festival day in the Hindu calendar, in reference to deity Surya (sun).
  
• Date of observance: Makar Sankranti is observed according to solar cycles. It is held normally on the 14th of January, or a day before or after. In certain regions celebrations can go on for even four days and vary a lot in the rituals.
  
• Significance: It marks the –
  • first day of sun’s transit into the Makara (Capricorn), marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.
    
  • end the inauspicious phase of the preceding month that is called Paush.
    
  • beginning of the end of chilling winter.
    
  • occasion to celebrate the hard work of millions of our farmers and people across the country (it is celebrated as a harvest Festival)
    
  
  

Important Info :

Names:  

• It goes by its standard all-India name, ‘Makar Sankranti’ in Odisha, Maharashtra-Goa, Andhra-Telengana, Kerala and most of the north India.
• It is also called as –
  • Paush Parbon in Bengal,
  • Pongal in Tamil Nadu,
  • Uttarayan in Gujarat,
  • Bhogali Bihu in Assam,
  • Lohri in Punjab and Jammu,
  • Maghi in Haryana and Himachal.
  • Makar Sankramana in Karnataka,
  • Saen-kraat in Kashmir.
  • Sukaraat in Madhya Pradesh,
  • Khichdi Parwa in parts of Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.

Source : PIB

The Union Cabinet has approved procurement of 73 LCA Tejas Mk-1A fighter aircrafts and 10 LCA Tejas Mk-1 Trainer aircrafts at the cost of Rs. 45,696 Crore along with Design and Development of Infrastructure sanctions worth Rs.1,202 Crore

• Light Combat Aircraft Mk-1A variant is an indigenously designed, developed and manufactured state-of-the-art modern 4+ generation fighter aircraft.
  
• This aircraft is equipped with critical operational capabilities of Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) Radar, Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Missile, Electronic Warfare (EW) Suite and Air to Air Refuelling (AAR) would be a potent platform to meet the operational requirements of Indian Air Force, IAF.
  
• It is the first “Buy (Indian-Indigenously Designed, Developed and Manufactured)” category procurement of combat aircrafts with an indigenous content of 50% which will progressively reach 60% by the end of the programme.
  
• The Cabinet has also approved infrastructure development by IAF under the project to enable them handle servicing at their base depot so that the turnaround time would get reduced for mission critical systems and would lead to increased availability of aircraft.
  

Source : PIB

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has constituted a working group on digital lending — including online platforms and mobile apps — to study all aspects of digital lending activities in the regulated financial sector as well as by unregulated players

• The working group consists of both internal and external members and is chaired by Jayant Kumar Dash, Executive Director, RBI
  
• The working group will
  • evaluate digital lending activities and assess the penetration and standards of outsourced digital lending activities in RBI regulated entities;
    
  • identify the risks posed by unregulated digital lending to financial stability, regulated entities and consumers; and
    
  • suggest regulatory changes to promote orderly growth of digital lending.
    
  
  
• It will also recommend measures for expansion of specific regulatory or statutory perimeter and suggest the role of various regulatory and government agencies. It will also recommend a robust fair practices code for digital lending players.
  
• The group will submit its report within three months.
  

Source : The Hindu

The Supreme Court admitted a petition filed by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) seeking to exempt armed forces personnel from the ambit of a Constitution Bench judgment of 2018 that decriminalised adultery

• A three-judge Bench led by Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman said the plea had to be considered by a Constitution Bench because the original verdict, striking down Section 497 (adultery) of the IPC, was pronounced by a five-judge Bench in September 2018.
  
• The court referred the case to the Chief Justice to pass appropriate orders to form a five-judge Bench to clarify the impact of the 2018 judgment on the armed forces.
  

Important Info :

Reason given by the government for seeking exemption:

• There will always be a concern in the minds of the Army personnel who are operating far away from their families under challenging conditions about the family indulging in untoward activity.
• Personnel of the Army, Navy and the Air Force were a “distinct class”. They were governed by special legislation, the Army Act, the Navy Act and the Air Force Act. Adultery amounted to an unbecoming conduct and a violation of discipline under the three Acts.
• The three laws were protected by Article 33 of the Constitution, which allowed the government to modify the fundamental rights of the armed forces personnel.

Source : The Hindu

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• The Seven Day event was organized by Nubra Adventure Club.
  
• Ice climbing is a popular winter sport abroad. Taking the cue, local adventure sports lovers have explored several ice climbing spots in Nubra valley to attract the adventure tourists to the region.
  

Important Info :

• Nubra is a subdivision and a tehsil in the union territory of Ladakh.
• Its inhabited areas form a tri-armed valley cut by the Nubra and Shyok rivers.
• The Shyok River meets the Nubra River (or Siachan River) to form a large valley that separates the Ladakh and Karakoram Ranges. The Shyok river is a tributary of the Indus river.

Source : All India Radio

India has expressed serious concern over the security situation in the Sahel and Lake Chad region in West Africa. India also condemned terrorist attacks by Boko Haram in Nigeria and Lake Chad region and by Islamic State in West Africa

• Lake Chad is a historically large, shallow, endorheic lake in central Africa, which has varied in size over the centuries.
  
• The freshwater lake is located in the Sahelian zone of West-central Africa. Lake Chad is mainly in the far west of Chad, bordering on northeastern Nigeria.
  
• Lake Chad provides water to more than 30 million people living in the four countries surrounding it (Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria) on the central part of the Sahel.
  
• It is the largest lake in the Chad Basin.
  
• The Chari River, fed by its tributary the Logone, provides over 90% of the lake’s water, with a small amount coming from the Yobe River in Nigeria/Niger.
  
• Despite high levels of evaporation, the lake is fresh water.
  

Source : All India Radio

Shijiazhuang has become China’s new hotspot of Coronavirus surge

• Shijiazhuang formerly known as Shimen and romanized as Shihkiachwang, is the capital and largest city of North China’s Hebei Province.
  
• Shijiazhuang is situated east of the Taihang Mountains.
  
• The city stands at the edge of the North China Plain, which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River.
  

Source : All India Radio

Atal Innovation Mission, NITI Aayog launched its new edition of Atal Tinkering Lab handbook which reinforces detailed establishment and operational processes of the Atal Tinkering Labs and its journey towards an innovative ‘Aatmanirbhar Bharat’

• The handbook named ‘The Atal Tinkering Lab Handbook 2.0’ outlines a practical guidance on structural, selection, establishment and celebration aspects of the AIM’s flagship ATL programme.
  
• The ATL Handbook encompasses work done by the AIM team in a framework using 4 key pillars of the ATL initiative – Selection, Establishment, Enablement, and Celebration.
  

Important Info :

About ATL?

• An Atal Tinkering Lab provides a makerspace where young minds can give shape to their ideas through hands on do-it-yourself mode; and learn innovation skills.
• To foster entrepreneurship and innovation, Atal Innovation Mission, NITI Aayog has established over 7000 ATLs across the country so far enabling over 3 Million+ students between Grade VI to Grade XII acquire a problem solving, tinkering and innovative mindset.

Source : PIB

Manipur has become the 4th State in the country to successfully undertake “Urban Local Bodies (ULB)” reforms stipulated by the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance in its letter to the States dated 17th May, 2020

• Thus, the State has become eligible to mobilise additional financial resources of Rs.75 crore through Open Market Borrowings.
  
• Manipur has now joined the three other States namely, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Telangana, who have completed this reform.
  

Benefits:

• Reforms in the Urban Local Bodies and the urban utilities reforms are aimed at financial strenghtening of ULBs in the States and to enable them to provide better public health and sanitation services.
  
• Economically rejuvenated ULBs will also be able to create good civic infrastructure.
  

Important Info :

The reforms stipulated by the Department of Expenditure to achieve these objectives are:

• The State will notify (a) floor rates of property tax in ULBs which are in consonance with the prevailing circle rates (i.e. guideline rates for property transactions) and (b) floor rates of user charges in respect of the provision of water-supply, drainage and sewerage which reflect current costs/ past inflation.
• The State will put in place a system of periodic increase in floor rates of property tax/ user charges in line with price increases.

Source : LiveMint

Crop Insurance Scheme- The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yajana (PMFBY) successfully completes 5 Years of operations on 13th January 2021

• The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) was launched in 2016 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  
• It is an insurance service scheme for farmers for their yields. It aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop assurance claim for the full insured sum.
  
• It was formulated in line with One Nation–One Scheme theme by replacing earlier two schemes National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS).
  
• The Scheme covers all Food & Oilseeds crops and Annual Commercial/Horticultural Crops for which past yield data is available and for which requisite number of Crop Cutting Experiments (CCEs) are being conducted under General Crop Estimation Survey (GCES).
  
• The scheme is implemented by empanelled general insurance companies. The scheme is being administered by Ministry of Agriculture.
  
• The scheme is compulsory for loanee farmers availing Crop Loan /KCC account for notified crops and voluntary for other others.
  

Source : PIB

Zanskar Winter Sports & Youth Festival 2021 is being organized from 18th to 30th January 2021 by the Dept. of Sports & Youth Services under the Khelo India banner in collaboration with the Ladakh Tourism Department

• Zanskar, Zahar (locally) or Zangskar is also known as Janskar or Jangskar.
  
• It is a subdistrict or tehsil of the Kargil district, in the union territory of Ladakh.
  
• The administrative centre is Padum.
  

Important Info :

Zanskar Range?

• The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the union territory of Ladakh that separates Zanskar from Ladakh. Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya, an approximately 100-km-wide synclinorium formed by strongly folded and imbricated, weakly metamorphosed sedimentary series.
• The average height of the Zanskar Range is about 6,000 m. Its eastern part is known as Rupshu.

Source : All India Radio

The Supreme Court has put a stay on the implementation of the three farm laws until further orders. It has also set up a committee of agricultural experts to facilitate talks between the Centre and farmers’ unions to resolve the impasse

• The members includes
  • Bhupinder Singh Mann, the national president of the Bhartiya Kisan Union and All India Kisan Coordination Committee;
    
  • Dr Parmod Kumar Joshi, an agricultural economist who is also the Director for South Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute;
    
  • Ashok Gulati, agricultural economist and former chairman of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices;
    
  • Anil Ghanwat, the chief of Shetkari Sanghatana, who in articles written in the media have expressed views in favour of the farm laws.
    
  
  
• The Chief Justice said that the committee will not pass an order or punish and submit a report to the Supreme Court. He said the committee is the judicial process in this case.
  

Source : All India Radio

Actor Anuskha Sharma and her husband, Indian cricket captain Virat Kohli, became parents to a girl on January 11. While the Indian team is on a tour to Australia, Kohli came back to India after the first Test, on paternity leave

• Unlike maternity leave, which is legally mandated, the private sector is not bound to provide paternity leave in India.
  
• There is a legal stipulation for central government employees –– a “male civil servant (including an apprentice, probationer) with less than two surviving children may be granted Paternity Leave for a period of 15 days before or up to six months from the date of delivery of the child.”
  
• The “less than two surviving children” means the employee can take paternity leaves only for his first two children.
  
• Thus, the decision on how long a paternity leave they wish to provide rests with a particular company.
  

Important Info :

• For women, on the other hand, the law mandates that female workers of all establishments with 10 or more workers can take 26 weeks of paid leave, up to eight weeks of which can be claimed before the delivery of the child.

Source : Indian Express

Public and Private Health Facilities were felicitated with Kayakalp award for high standards of Sanitation and Hygiene

• The government had launched a National Initiative ‘Kayakalp’ on 15th May 2015 to ensure hygiene, sanitation and cleanliness in Public Health Facilities in India.
  
• The scheme, which saw the participation of 716 District Hospitals and central government institutions in its first year has spread to 26 thousand 172 public health facilities now.
  
• Health Ministry had collaborated with Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation and launched Swachh Swasth Sarvatra programme, under which, one community health centre (CHCs) situated within ODF block receives one-time grant of 10 lakh rupees for undertaking improvement activities, so that the CHC becomes Kayakalp CHC.
  

Source : All India Radio

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The US administration has once again amended the H-1B visa norms by changing the rules to give priority to higher wages and skills for selection of deserving candidates. The old lottery system of work visa selection will not be followed now

What is the new wage-based H-1B work visa regime?

• The new wage-based work visa regime will now give priority in selection of visas to applications of those employers where the “proffered wage equals or exceeds” the prevailing level in that area of employment.
  
• The proffered wage is the wage that the employer intends to pay the beneficiary.
  
• This will be done for both the 65,000 regular visas and the 20,000 advanced degree exemption visas.
  
• This regime will also take into account the skill set that the respective worker brings to the country and cross check it whether such skill set is available at the same cost among the US workers.
  

Source : Indian Express

A supermassive black hole, which is estimated to weigh up to 100 billion times the mass of the Sun, is seemingly missing, leaving astronomers perplexed

• Scientists have been looking for the black hole using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and Hubble Space Telescope, and have so far found no evidence that it is anywhere to be found.
  
• The black hole is supposed to be located in Abell 2261, an enormous galaxy cluster that is about 2.7 billion light-years away from our planet.
  
• At 2.7 billion light-years away, the Abell galaxy is at an overwhelmingly large distance away from us.
  

Important Info :

• Every large galaxy in the universe has a supermassive black hole at its centre, whose mass is millions or billions of times that of the Sun.
• The black hole at the centre of our galaxy– the Milky Way– is called Sagittarius A*, and is 26,000 light-years away from Earth.

Source : Indian Express

After culling of ducks and chickens in Kerala, the Haryana government has decided to cull poultry birds in Barwala after some of them tested positive for the avian influenza

• Mass slaughter of domestic poultry birds, such as chickens and ducks, to contain the spread of bird flu is called culling.
  
• During culling operations, all domestic birds in an infected area, i.e., an area in which a case of bird flu has been detected, are slaughtered and their remains buried.
  
• Though wild and other birds may also carry the bird flu, only domestic poultry birds are culled since they are present in close proximity with people, raising the chances of transmission of the virus to humans.
  

Important Info :

• In India, culling is done in a radius one kilometre from the site of infection, which is called the ‘infected zone’. This means all domestic birds present in commercial farms, backyard farms or live bird markets in the infected zone are culled.

Source : Indian Express

Prime Minister Narendra Modi will address the National Youth Parliament Festival – 2021 on January 12, 2021

• The Festival is organised on 12th January on the occasion of the National Youth Day in order to encourage the youth in the age group of 18-25 years to engage with public issues and understand the common man’s point of view.
  
• The First National Youth Parliament Festival was organized in January-February, 2019.
  

Important Info :

• National Youth Day is celebrated on 12 January being the birthday of Swami Vivekananda.
• In 1984 the Government of India declared this day as National Youth Day and since 1985 the event is celebrated in India every year.

Source : All India Radio

In Manipur, the Cherry Blossom Mao Festival was held at Senapati district marking the beginning of pink season in the district

• The Mao area of Senapati district in Manipur is known for Cherry Blossom, a plant which is popularly known as Sakura in Japan.
  
• The Manipur government started organizing the festival every year from 2017 onward.
  
• The festival features the picturesque landscape of Mao town adorned with beautiful Cherry Blossom flowers.
  

Important Info :

• A cherry blossom is a flower of many trees of genus Prunus.
• Prunus cerasoides, called wild Himalayan cherry, Indian wild cherry, and sour cherry, is known in Hindi as padam, pajja, or padmakashtha.

Source : All India Radio

Assam government will provide khadi shirt, eri shawl and eri stole to Grade IV employees in a phased manner, in a move to pay tributes to Mahatma Gandhi and his movement for Khadi

• Eri silk comes from the caterpillar of Samia ricini, found in northeast India and some parts of China, Japan.
  
• The name “eri” is derived from the Assamese word “era”, which means “castor”, as the silkworm feeds on castor plants.
  
• Eri silk is also known as endi or errandi in India.
  
• The woolly white silk is often referred to as the fabric of peace when it is processed without killing the silkworm. This process results in a silk called Ahimsa silk. Moths leave the cocoon and then the cocoons are harvested to be spun.
  
• The eri silkworm is the only completely domesticated silkworm other than Bombyx mori.
  

Source : All India Radio

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Information: It follows increasing demands by employees at Google for policy overhauls on pay, harassment and ethics, and is likely to escalate tensions with top leadership.

Source : Economic Times
Science & Tech

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• According to the circular of SCHOOL BAG POLICY- 2020 is schoolteachers should inform the students in advance about the books and notebooks to be brought to school on a particular day and frequently check their bags to ensure that they are not carrying unnecessary material.
  
• The weight of the school bags, as per the policy, should be 1.6 to 2.2 kg for students of Classes I and II, 1.7 to 2.5 kg for Classes III, IV and V, 2 to 3 kg for Classes VI and VII, 2.5 to 4 kg for Class VIII, 2.5 to 4.5 kg for Classes IX and X and 3.5 to 5 kg for Classes XI and XII.
  
• The teachers should take the responsibility of checking the weight of school bags of the students every three months on a day selected for the whole class and any information about heavy bags should be communicated to the parents.
  
• To reduce the weight of the school bag, the school management should provide quality potable water in sufficient quantity to all the students in the school so that they do not need to carry water bottles from their homes.
  

Important Info :

• Heavy school bags are a serious threat to the health and well-being of students.
• The heavy school bag has severe/adverse physical effects on growing children which can cause damage to their vertebral column and knees.

Source : The Hindu

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